Backup data adalah hal critical yang sering diabaikan. Mari pelajari strategi backup yang efektif.

Strategi Backup

3-2-1 Rule

3 - Simpan 3 copies data
2 - Di 2 media berbeda
1 - 1 copy di offsite/cloud
Contoh:

Original di laptop
External hard drive
Cloud storage

Jenis Backup

Full Backup:
- Backup semua data
- Waktu lama, storage besar
- Restore cepat dan mudah
Incremental Backup:

Backup perubahan sejak backup terakhir
Waktu cepat, storage kecil
Restore: butuh full + semua incremental

Differential Backup:

Backup perubahan sejak full backup terakhir
Medium time, medium storage
Restore: full + latest differential

Backup di Linux

Rsync (Recommended)

# Basic rsync
rsync -av source/ destination/
rsync -av --progress source/ destination/
Delete files yang tidak ada di source
rsync -av --delete source/ destination/
Exclude files/folders
rsync -av --exclude='*.tmp' --exclude='node_modules' source/ destination/
To remote server
rsync -avz -e ssh source/ user@server:/path/destination/
Dry run (test tanpa execute)
rsync -av --dry-run source/ destination/

Rsync Backup Script

#!/bin/bash
# backup.sh
Variables
SOURCE="/home/user/Documents"
DEST="/mnt/backup/Documents"
DATE=$(date +%Y%m%d
%H%M%S)
LOG="/var/log/backup$DATE.log"
Create backup
echo "Starting backup at $(date)" | tee -a $LOG
rsync -av --delete --exclude='*.tmp' --exclude='.cache' \
$SOURCE/ $DEST/ 2>&1 | tee -a $LOG
Check result
if [ $? -eq 0 ]; then
echo "Backup completed successfully at $(date)" | tee -a $LOG
else
echo "Backup failed at $(date)" | tee -a $LOG
Send notification (optional)
# mail -s "Backup Failed" [email protected] < $LOG
fi
Tar Backup
# Create tar archive
tar -cvf backup.tar /path/to/folder
Create compressed tar.gz
tar -czvf backup.tar.gz /path/to/folder
Create with date
tar -czvf backup_$(date +%Y%m%d).tar.gz /home/user/Documents
Extract
tar -xzvf backup.tar.gz
Extract to specific directory
tar -xzvf backup.tar.gz -C /path/to/destination
List contents
tar -tzvf backup.tar.gz
Tar Backup Script
#!/bin/bash
# tar-backup.sh
SOURCE="/home/user/Documents"
DEST="/mnt/backup"
DATE=$(date +%Y%m%d)
FILENAME="backup_$DATE.tar.gz"
Create backup
tar -czvf $DEST/$FILENAME $SOURCE
Keep only last 7 days
find $DEST -name "backup_*.tar.gz" -mtime +7 -delete
echo "Backup created: $FILENAME"
Database Backup
MySQL/MariaDB
# Single database
mysqldump -u root -p database_name > backup.sql
All databases
mysqldump -u root -p --all-databases > all_backup.sql
With compression
mysqldump -u root -p database_name | gzip > backup.sql.gz
Restore
mysql -u root -p database_name < backup.sql
Restore from gzip
gunzip < backup.sql.gz | mysql -u root -p database_name
MySQL Backup Script
#!/bin/bash
# mysql-backup.sh
DB_USER="backup_user"
DB_PASS="password"
BACKUP
DIR="/mnt/backup/mysql"
DATE=$(date +%Y%m%d%H%M%S)
Get all databases
DATABASES=$(mysql -u $DB_USER -p$DB_PASS -e "SHOW DATABASES;" | grep -Ev "(Database|information_schema|performance_schema)")
Backup each database
for DB in $DATABASES; do
echo "Backing up $DB..."
mysqldump -u $DB_USER -p$DB_PASS --single-transaction $DB | gzip > $BACKUP
DIR/${DB}${DATE}.sql.gz
done
Remove backups older than 7 days
find $BACKUP_DIR -name "*.sql.gz" -mtime +7 -delete
echo "Backup completed"
PostgreSQL
# Single database
pg_dump database_name > backup.sql
pg_dump -U username database_name > backup.sql
All databases
pg_dumpall > all_backup.sql
Custom format (compressed)
pg_dump -Fc database_name > backup.dump
Restore SQL
psql -U username database_name < backup.sql
Restore custom format
pg_restore -U username -d database_name backup.dump
MongoDB
# Backup all databases
mongodump --out /backup/mongodb/
Backup specific database
mongodump --db database_name --out /backup/mongodb/
With authentication
mongodump --uri="mongodb://user:pass@localhost:27017/database" --out /backup/
Restore
mongorestore /backup/mongodb/
Restore specific database
mongorestore --db database_name /backup/mongodb/database_name/
Cloud Backup
Rclone Setup
# Install rclone
curl https://rclone.org/install.sh | sudo bash
Configure
rclone config
Add remote (Google Drive example)
n) New remote
name> gdrive
Storage> drive
Follow OAuth prompts
List remotes
rclone listremotes
Rclone Commands
# List files
rclone ls gdrive:/backup
Copy to cloud
rclone copy /local/path gdrive:/backup/path
Sync (mirror)
rclone sync /local/path gdrive:/backup/path
With progress
rclone copy /local/path gdrive:/backup/path --progress
Backup script
!/bin/bash
BACKUP_DIR="/home/user/Documents"
REMOTE="gdrive:/Backups/Documents"
rclone sync $BACKUP_DIR $REMOTE --progress --log-file=/var/log/rclone.log
Google Drive dengan grive2
# Install
sudo apt install grive2
First time setup (di folder yang mau sync)
cd ~/GoogleDrive
grive -a
Sync
grive
Selective sync
grive --dir Documents
Automated Backup dengan Cron
Setup Cron Jobs
# Edit crontab
crontab -e
Daily backup at 2 AM
0 2 
  * /home/user/scripts/backup.sh
Weekly full backup (Sunday 3 AM)
0 3 
  0 /home/user/scripts/full-backup.sh
Monthly backup (1st day, 4 AM)
0 4 1 
  /home/user/scripts/monthly-backup.sh
Database backup every 6 hours
0 
/6  
  /home/user/scripts/db-backup.sh
Cron Format
* * * * * command
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ └── Day of week (0-7, Sunday = 0 or 7)
│ │ │ └──── Month (1-12)
│ │ └────── Day of month (1-31)
│ └──────── Hour (0-23)
└────────── Minute (0-59)
Backup Tools GUI
Timeshift (System Backup)
# Install
sudo apt install timeshift
Create snapshot
sudo timeshift --create --comments "Before upgrade"
List snapshots
sudo timeshift --list
Restore
sudo timeshift --restore
Deja Dup (GNOME)
# Install
sudo apt install deja-dup
Features:
- Simple GUI
- Scheduled backups
- Encryption
- Cloud support
Restic (Modern Backup)
# Install
sudo apt install restic
Initialize repository
restic init --repo /mnt/backup/restic-repo
Create backup
restic -r /mnt/backup/restic-repo backup /home/user/Documents
List snapshots
restic -r /mnt/backup/restic-repo snapshots
Restore
restic -r /mnt/backup/restic-repo restore latest --target /restore/path
Forget old snapshots
restic -r /mnt/backup/restic-repo forget --keep-daily 7 --keep-weekly 4 --keep-monthly 6
Verify Backup
Test Restore
# ALWAYS test your backups!
Test tar archive
tar -tzf backup.tar.gz > /dev/null && echo "Archive OK" || echo "Archive corrupted"
Test SQL backup
mysql -u root -p test_restore_db < backup.sql
Verify data, then drop test database
Test rsync backup
rsync -avnc source/ destination/  # -n = dry run, -c = checksum
Checksum Verification
# Create checksum
md5sum backup.tar.gz > backup.tar.gz.md5
sha256sum backup.tar.gz > backup.tar.gz.sha256
Verify checksum
md5sum -c backup.tar.gz.md5
sha256sum -c backup.tar.gz.sha256
Restore Best Practices
Before Restore
1. Verify backup integrity
2. Identify what needs to be restored
3. Stop services yang affected
4. Create backup of current state
5. Plan rollback strategy
Restore Checklist
# 1. Stop services
sudo systemctl stop nginx
sudo systemctl stop mysql
2. Backup current state
tar -czvf pre-restore-backup.tar.gz /path/to/current
3. Restore
tar -xzvf backup.tar.gz -C /path/to/destination
4. Fix permissions if needed
chown -R www-data:www-data /var/www/html
5. Start services
sudo systemctl start mysql
sudo systemctl start nginx
6. Verify
curl localhost  # Test website
mysql -e "SELECT 1"  # Test database
Backup Checklist
What to Backup
Critical:
□ Documents and files
□ Database data
□ Configuration files
□ SSH keys
□ Certificates/SSL
□ Application data
□ Email data
System:
□ /etc (configurations)
□ /home (user data)
□ /var/www (web files)
□ /var/lib (app data)
Development:
□ Source code (also use Git!)
□ Environment files
□ Database dumps
□ Docker volumes
Weekly Review
□ Check backup logs
□ Verify backup file sizes
□ Test restore procedure
□ Review backup retention
□ Check storage space
□ Update backup scripts if needed
Kesimpulan
Backup adalah investasi waktu yang akan menyelamatkan Anda saat disaster. Ikuti 3-2-1 rule dan SELALU test restore secara berkala.